STRING: protein interactions and functional enrichment
STRING (string-db.org, version 12.5; SIB, Novo Nordisk Foundation CPR and EMBL), the database of known and predicted protein-protein associations, through its public REST API (CC BY 4.0). Gives one protein's interaction partners or the network among a gene list in any of about 12,500 species, with STRING's combined confidence score and its seven evidence channels (neighborhood, gene fusion, co-occurrence, co-expression, experiments, curated databases, text mining), physical-only or functional associations, and the network's PPI enrichment p-value against chance. Runs functional enrichment of a gene list (Gene Ontology, Reactome, WikiPathways, UniProt keywords, Hallmark, COMPARTMENTS, TISSUES, DISEASES, InterPro, Pfam, PubMed, mammalian phenotypes) with FDR and the matched genes, limited to categories whose source licence permits commercial redistribution: KEGG, SMART and HPO terms are left out and counted. Names are mapped first (gene symbol, UniProt accession, Ensembl protein ID, STRING ID) and every answer names the STRING version, its licence and attribution.
Try STRING: protein interactions and functional enrichment now.
Choose an example or ask your own question.
const result = await firecrawl.scrape({
alexandria: {
provider: "string-db-org",
capability: "interactions/network",
options: {
min_score: 0.7,
proteins: [
"LDLR",
"PCSK9",
"APOB",
"APOE",
"LPL",
"ABCA1",
"LCAT",
"CETP",
"NPC1L1",
"HMGCR",
],
species: 9606,
},
},
});This is a sample shape. Press Run to see live data from STRING: protein interactions and functional enrichment.
{
"edge_count": 36,
"edges": [
{
"preferred_name_a": "APOB",
"preferred_name_b": "LDLR",
"scores": {
"coexpression": 0.059,
"combined": 0.999,
"cooccurrence": 0,
"databases": 0.9,
"experiments": 0.923,
"gene_fusion": 0,
"neighborhood": 0,
"text_mining": 0.959
},
"string_id_a": "9606.ENSP00000233242",
"string_id_b": "9606.ENSP00000454071"
},
{
"preferred_name_a": "PCSK9",
"preferred_name_b": "LDLR",
"scores": {
"coexpression": 0.101,
"combined": 0.999,
"cooccurrence": 0,
"databases": 0.9,
"experiments": 0.999,
"gene_fusion": 0,
"neighborhood": 0,
"text_mining": 0.94
},
"string_id_a": "9606.ENSP00000303208",
"string_id_b": "9606.ENSP00000454071"
},
{
"preferred_name_a": "APOB",
"preferred_name_b": "APOE",
"scores": {
"coexpression": 0.223,
"combined": 0.998,
"cooccurrence": 0,
"databases": 0.9,
"experiments": 0.716,
"gene_fusion": 0,
"neighborhood": 0,
"text_mining": 0.953
},
"string_id_a": "9606.ENSP00000233242",
"string_id_b": "9606.ENSP00000252486"
},
{
"preferred_name_a": "APOE",
"preferred_name_b": "LDLR",
"scores": {
"coexpression": 0,
"combined": 0.998,
"cooccurrence": 0,
"databases": 0.5,
"experiments": 0.953,
"gene_fusion": 0,
"neighborhood": 0,
"text_mining": 0.953
},
"string_id_a": "9606.ENSP00000252486",
"string_id_b": "9606.ENSP00000454071"
},
{
"preferred_name_a": "CETP",
"preferred_name_b": "LCAT",
"scores": {
"coexpression": 0.219,
"combined": 0.993,
"cooccurrence": 0,
"databases": 0.9,
"experiments": 0,
"gene_fusion": 0,
"neighborhood": 0,
"text_mining": 0.923
},
"string_id_a": "9606.ENSP00000200676",
"string_id_b": "9606.ENSP00000264005"
},
{
"preferred_name_a": "CETP",
"preferred_name_b": "APOE",
"scores": {
"coexpression": 0.065,
"combined": 0.988,
"cooccurrence": 0,
"databases": 0.9,
"experiments": 0,
"gene_fusion": 0,
"neighborhood": 0,
"text_mining": 0.889
},
"string_id_a": "9606.ENSP00000200676",
"string_id_b": "9606.ENSP00000252486"
},
{
"preferred_name_a": "CETP",
"preferred_name_b": "APOB",
"scores": {
"coexpression": 0.093,
"combined": 0.986,
"cooccurrence": 0,
"databases": 0.75,
"experiments": 0,
"gene_fusion": 0,
"neighborhood": 0,
"text_mining": 0.944
},
"string_id_a": "9606.ENSP00000200676",
"string_id_b": "9606.ENSP00000233242"
},
{
"preferred_name_a": "APOE",
"preferred_name_b": "LCAT",
"scores": {
"coexpression": 0.075,
"combined": 0.981,
"cooccurrence": 0,
"databases": 0.9,
"experiments": 0.457,
"gene_fusion": 0,
"neighborhood": 0,
"text_mining": 0.675
},
"string_id_a": "9606.ENSP00000252486",
"string_id_b": "9606.ENSP00000264005"
},
{
"preferred_name_a": "APOE",
"preferred_name_b": "LPL",
"scores": {
"coexpression": 0.095,
"combined": 0.969,
"cooccurrence": 0,
"databases": 0.8,
"experiments": 0,
"gene_fusion": 0,
"neighborhood": 0,
"text_mining": 0.845
},
"string_id_a": "9606.ENSP00000252486",
"string_id_b": "9606.ENSP00000497642"
},
{
"preferred_name_a": "APOB",
"preferred_name_b": "LCAT",
"scores": {
"coexpression": 0.114,
"combined": 0.966,
"cooccurrence": 0,
"databases": 0.72,
"experiments": 0,
"gene_fusion": 0,
"neighborhood": 0,
"text_mining": 0.875
},
"string_id_a": "9606.ENSP00000233242",
"string_id_b": "9606.ENSP00000264005"
},
{
"preferred_name_a": "APOB",
"preferred_name_b": "PCSK9",
"scores": {
"coexpression": 0.141,
"combined": 0.966,
"cooccurrence": 0,
"databases": 0,
"experiments": 0,
"gene_fusion": 0,
"neighborhood": 0,
"text_mining": 0.963
},
"string_id_a": "9606.ENSP00000233242",
"string_id_b": "9606.ENSP00000303208"
},
{
"preferred_name_a": "CETP",
"preferred_name_b": "LPL",
"scores": {
"coexpression": 0.069,
"combined": 0.926,
"cooccurrence": 0,
"databases": 0.36,
"experiments": 0,
"gene_fusion": 0,
"neighborhood": 0,
"text_mining": 0.886
},
"string_id_a": "9606.ENSP00000200676",
"string_id_b": "9606.ENSP00000497642"
},
{
"preferred_name_a": "HMGCR",
"preferred_name_b": "LDLR",
"scores": {
"coexpression": 0.249,
"combined": 0.924,
"cooccurrence": 0,
"databases": 0,
"experiments": 0.09,
"gene_fusion": 0,
"neighborhood": 0,
"text_mining": 0.898
},
"string_id_a": "9606.ENSP00000287936",
"string_id_b": "9606.ENSP00000454071"
},
{
"preferred_name_a": "APOE",
"preferred_name_b": "ABCA1",
"scores": {
"coexpression": 0.08,
"combined": 0.918,
"cooccurrence": 0,
"databases": 0,
"experiments": 0,
"gene_fusion": 0,
"neighborhood": 0,
"text_mining": 0.915
},
"string_id_a": "9606.ENSP00000252486",
"string_id_b": "9606.ENSP00000363868"
},
{
"preferred_name_a": "CETP",
"preferred_name_b": "LDLR",
"scores": {
"coexpression": 0.059,
"combined": 0.918,
"cooccurrence": 0,
"databases": 0.36,
"experiments": 0,
"gene_fusion": 0,
"neighborhood": 0,
"text_mining": 0.875
},
"string_id_a": "9606.ENSP00000200676",
"string_id_b": "9606.ENSP00000454071"
},
{
"preferred_name_a": "APOB",
"preferred_name_b": "LPL",
"scores": {
"coexpression": 0,
"combined": 0.916,
"cooccurrence": 0,
"databases": 0.4,
"experiments": 0,
"gene_fusion": 0,
"neighborhood": 0,
"text_mining": 0.866
},
"string_id_a": "9606.ENSP00000233242",
"string_id_b": "9606.ENSP00000497642"
},
{
"preferred_name_a": "HMGCR",
"preferred_name_b": "PCSK9",
"scores": {
"coexpression": 0.128,
"combined": 0.911,
"cooccurrence": 0,
"databases": 0,
"experiments": 0,
"gene_fusion": 0,
"neighborhood": 0,
"text_mining": 0.903
},
"string_id_a": "9606.ENSP00000287936",
"string_id_b": "9606.ENSP00000303208"
},
{
"preferred_name_a": "HMGCR",
"preferred_name_b": "NPC1L1",
"scores": {
"coexpression": 0.066,
"combined": 0.906,
"cooccurrence": 0,
"databases": 0,
"experiments": 0,
"gene_fusion": 0,
"neighborhood": 0,
"text_mining": 0.904
},
"string_id_a": "9606.ENSP00000287936",
"string_id_b": "9606.ENSP00000289547"
},
{
"preferred_name_a": "APOB",
"preferred_name_b": "NPC1L1",
"scores": {
"coexpression": 0.095,
"combined": 0.899,
"cooccurrence": 0,
"databases": 0,
"experiments": 0,
"gene_fusion": 0,
"neighborhood": 0,
"text_mining": 0.893
},
"string_id_a": "9606.ENSP00000233242",
"string_id_b": "9606.ENSP00000289547"
},
{
"preferred_name_a": "APOB",
"preferred_name_b": "HMGCR",
"scores": {
"coexpression": 0.069,
"combined": 0.889,
"cooccurrence": 0,
"databases": 0,
"experiments": 0,
"gene_fusion": 0,
"neighborhood": 0,
"text_mining": 0.886
},
"string_id_a": "9606.ENSP00000233242",
"string_id_b": "9606.ENSP00000287936"
},
{
"preferred_name_a": "LDLR",
"preferred_name_b": "LPL",
"scores": {
"coexpression": 0.055,
"combined": 0.875,
"cooccurrence": 0,
"databases": 0.36,
"experiments": 0,
"gene_fusion": 0,
"neighborhood": 0,
"text_mining": 0.811
},
"string_id_a": "9606.ENSP00000454071",
"string_id_b": "9606.ENSP00000497642"
},
{
"preferred_name_a": "ABCA1",
"preferred_name_b": "LDLR",
"scores": {
"coexpression": 0,
"combined": 0.864,
"cooccurrence": 0,
"databases": 0,
"experiments": 0,
"gene_fusion": 0,
"neighborhood": 0,
"text_mining": 0.864
},
"string_id_a": "9606.ENSP00000363868",
"string_id_b": "9606.ENSP00000454071"
},
{
"preferred_name_a": "LCAT",
"preferred_name_b": "ABCA1",
"scores": {
"coexpression": 0.086,
"combined": 0.856,
"cooccurrence": 0,
"databases": 0,
"experiments": 0,
"gene_fusion": 0,
"neighborhood": 0,
"text_mining": 0.849
},
"string_id_a": "9606.ENSP00000264005",
"string_id_b": "9606.ENSP00000363868"
},
{
"preferred_name_a": "LCAT",
"preferred_name_b": "LPL",
"scores": {
"coexpression": 0,
"combined": 0.845,
"cooccurrence": 0,
"databases": 0.36,
"experiments": 0,
"gene_fusion": 0,
"neighborhood": 0,
"text_mining": 0.768
},
"string_id_a": "9606.ENSP00000264005",
"string_id_b": "9606.ENSP00000497642"
},
{
"preferred_name_a": "CETP",
"preferred_name_b": "ABCA1",
"scores": {
"coexpression": 0.044,
"combined": 0.816,
"cooccurrence": 0,
"databases": 0,
"experiments": 0,
"gene_fusion": 0,
"neighborhood": 0,
"text_mining": 0.816
},
"string_id_a": "9606.ENSP00000200676",
"string_id_b": "9606.ENSP00000363868"
},
{
"preferred_name_a": "NPC1L1",
"preferred_name_b": "ABCA1",
"scores": {
"coexpression": 0,
"combined": 0.804,
"cooccurrence": 0,
"databases": 0,
"experiments": 0.069,
"gene_fusion": 0,
"neighborhood": 0,
"text_mining": 0.799
},
"string_id_a": "9606.ENSP00000289547",
"string_id_b": "9606.ENSP00000363868"
},
{
"preferred_name_a": "APOE",
"preferred_name_b": "HMGCR",
"scores": {
"coexpression": 0,
"combined": 0.797,
"cooccurrence": 0,
"databases": 0,
"experiments": 0,
"gene_fusion": 0,
"neighborhood": 0,
"text_mining": 0.797
},
"string_id_a": "9606.ENSP00000252486",
"string_id_b": "9606.ENSP00000287936"
},
{
"preferred_name_a": "CETP",
"preferred_name_b": "NPC1L1",
"scores": {
"coexpression": 0.058,
"combined": 0.793,
"cooccurrence": 0,
"databases": 0,
"experiments": 0,
"gene_fusion": 0,
"neighborhood": 0,
"text_mining": 0.79
},
"string_id_a": "9606.ENSP00000200676",
"string_id_b": "9606.ENSP00000289547"
},
{
"preferred_name_a": "CETP",
"preferred_name_b": "PCSK9",
"scores": {
"coexpression": 0,
"combined": 0.776,
"cooccurrence": 0,
"databases": 0,
"experiments": 0,
"gene_fusion": 0,
"neighborhood": 0,
"text_mining": 0.776
},
"string_id_a": "9606.ENSP00000200676",
"string_id_b": "9606.ENSP00000303208"
},
{
"preferred_name_a": "LCAT",
"preferred_name_b": "LDLR",
"scores": {
"coexpression": 0,
"combined": 0.775,
"cooccurrence": 0,
"databases": 0.36,
"experiments": 0,
"gene_fusion": 0,
"neighborhood": 0,
"text_mining": 0.663
},
"string_id_a": "9606.ENSP00000264005",
"string_id_b": "9606.ENSP00000454071"
},
{
"preferred_name_a": "APOB",
"preferred_name_b": "ABCA1",
"scores": {
"coexpression": 0,
"combined": 0.774,
"cooccurrence": 0,
"databases": 0,
"experiments": 0,
"gene_fusion": 0,
"neighborhood": 0,
"text_mining": 0.774
},
"string_id_a": "9606.ENSP00000233242",
"string_id_b": "9606.ENSP00000363868"
},
{
"preferred_name_a": "CETP",
"preferred_name_b": "HMGCR",
"scores": {
"coexpression": 0,
"combined": 0.774,
"cooccurrence": 0,
"databases": 0,
"experiments": 0,
"gene_fusion": 0,
"neighborhood": 0,
"text_mining": 0.774
},
"string_id_a": "9606.ENSP00000200676",
"string_id_b": "9606.ENSP00000287936"
},
{
"preferred_name_a": "HMGCR",
"preferred_name_b": "ABCA1",
"scores": {
"coexpression": 0,
"combined": 0.774,
"cooccurrence": 0,
"databases": 0,
"experiments": 0,
"gene_fusion": 0,
"neighborhood": 0,
"text_mining": 0.774
},
"string_id_a": "9606.ENSP00000287936",
"string_id_b": "9606.ENSP00000363868"
},
{
"preferred_name_a": "APOE",
"preferred_name_b": "PCSK9",
"scores": {
"coexpression": 0.075,
"combined": 0.746,
"cooccurrence": 0,
"databases": 0,
"experiments": 0,
"gene_fusion": 0,
"neighborhood": 0,
"text_mining": 0.737
},
"string_id_a": "9606.ENSP00000252486",
"string_id_b": "9606.ENSP00000303208"
},
{
"preferred_name_a": "NPC1L1",
"preferred_name_b": "PCSK9",
"scores": {
"coexpression": 0,
"combined": 0.744,
"cooccurrence": 0,
"databases": 0,
"experiments": 0,
"gene_fusion": 0,
"neighborhood": 0,
"text_mining": 0.744
},
"string_id_a": "9606.ENSP00000289547",
"string_id_b": "9606.ENSP00000303208"
},
{
"preferred_name_a": "NPC1L1",
"preferred_name_b": "LDLR",
"scores": {
"coexpression": 0,
"combined": 0.715,
"cooccurrence": 0,
"databases": 0,
"experiments": 0,
"gene_fusion": 0,
"neighborhood": 0,
"text_mining": 0.715
},
"string_id_a": "9606.ENSP00000289547",
"string_id_b": "9606.ENSP00000454071"
}
],
"license": {
"attribution": "STRING v12.5 (https://string-db.org), STRING Consortium; Szklarczyk D, et al. The STRING database in 2025: protein networks with directionality of regulation. Nucleic Acids Res. 2025;53(D1):D730-D737.",
"changes": "Reformatted by Firecrawl: field names changed, the seven evidence channels named, results sorted and cut to the requested limit. STRING's scores and statistics are unchanged.",
"name": "CC BY 4.0",
"url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"
},
"min_score": 0.7,
"network_type": "functional",
"observed_at_ms": 1793394903878,
"proteins": [
{
"annotation": "Low-density lipoprotein receptor; Binds LDL, the major cholesterol-carrying lipoprotein of plasma, and transports it into cells by endocytosis. In order to be internalized, the receptor-ligand complexes must first cluster into clathrin-coated pits. (Microbial infection) Acts as a receptor for Vesicular stomatitis virus; Belongs to the LDLR family.",
"inputs": [
"LDLR"
],
"preferred_name": "LDLR",
"protein_id": "ENSP00000454071",
"string_id": "9606.ENSP00000454071"
},
{
"annotation": "Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9; Crucial player in the regulation of plasma cholesterol homeostasis. Binds to low-density lipid receptor family members: low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), apolipoprotein E receptor (LRP1/APOER) and apolipoprotein receptor 2 (LRP8/APOER2), and promotes their degradation in intracellular acidic compartments. Acts via a non- proteolytic mechanism to enhance the degradation of the hepatic LDLR through a clathrin LDLRAP1/ARH-mediated pathway. May prevent the recycling of LDLR from endosomes t [...] ",
"inputs": [
"PCSK9"
],
"preferred_name": "PCSK9",
"protein_id": "ENSP00000303208",
"string_id": "9606.ENSP00000303208"
},
{
"annotation": "Apolipoprotein B-100; Apolipoprotein B is a major protein constituent of chylomicrons (apo B-48), LDL (apo B-100) and VLDL (apo B-100). Apo B- 100 functions as a recognition signal for the cellular binding and internalization of LDL particles by the apoB/E receptor.",
"inputs": [
"APOB"
],
"preferred_name": "APOB",
"protein_id": "ENSP00000233242",
"string_id": "9606.ENSP00000233242"
},
{
"annotation": "Apolipoprotein E; APOE is an apolipoprotein, a protein associating with lipid particles, that mainly functions in lipoprotein-mediated lipid transport between organs via the plasma and interstitial fluids. APOE is a core component of plasma lipoproteins and is involved in their production, conversion and clearance. Apoliproteins are amphipathic molecules that interact both with lipids of the lipoprotein particle core and the aqueous environment of the plasma. As such, APOE associates with chylomicrons, chylomicron remnants, very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and intermediate density [...] ",
"inputs": [
"APOE"
],
"preferred_name": "APOE",
"protein_id": "ENSP00000252486",
"string_id": "9606.ENSP00000252486"
},
{
"annotation": "Lipoprotein lipase; Key enzyme in triglyceride metabolism. Catalyzes the hydrolysis of triglycerides from circulating chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), and thereby plays an important role in lipid clearance from the blood stream, lipid utilization and storage. Mediates margination of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particles in capillaries. Recruited to its site of action on the luminal surface of vascular endothelium by binding to GPIHBP1 and cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans.",
"inputs": [
"LPL"
],
"preferred_name": "LPL",
"protein_id": "ENSP00000497642",
"string_id": "9606.ENSP00000497642"
},
{
"annotation": "Phospholipid-transporting ATPase ABCA1; Catalyzes the translocation of specific phospholipids from the cytoplasmic to the extracellular/lumenal leaflet of membrane coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP. Thereby, participates to phospholipids transfer to apoliproteins to form nascent high density lipoproteins/HDLs. Transports preferentially phosphatidylcholine over phosphatidylserine. May play a similar role in the efflux of intracellular cholesterol to apoliproteins and the formation of nascent high density lipoproteins/HDLs ; Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCA family.",
"inputs": [
"ABCA1"
],
"preferred_name": "ABCA1",
"protein_id": "ENSP00000363868",
"string_id": "9606.ENSP00000363868"
},
{
"annotation": "Phosphatidylcholine-sterol acyltransferase; Central enzyme in the extracellular metabolism of plasma lipoproteins. Synthesized mainly in the liver and secreted into plasma where it converts cholesterol and phosphatidylcholines (lecithins) to cholesteryl esters and lysophosphatidylcholines on the surface of high and low density lipoproteins (HDLs and LDLs). The cholesterol ester is then transported back to the liver. Has a preference for plasma 16:0-18:2 or 18:O-18:2 phosphatidylcholines. Also produced in the brain by primary astrocytes, and esterifies free cholesterol on nascent APOE-c [...] ",
"inputs": [
"LCAT"
],
"preferred_name": "LCAT",
"protein_id": "ENSP00000264005",
"string_id": "9606.ENSP00000264005"
},
{
"annotation": "Cholesteryl ester transfer protein; Involved in the transfer of neutral lipids, including cholesteryl ester and triglyceride, among lipoprotein particles. Allows the net movement of cholesteryl ester from high density lipoproteins/HDL to triglyceride-rich very low density lipoproteins/VLDL, and the equimolar transport of triglyceride from VLDL to HDL. Regulates the reverse cholesterol transport, by which excess cholesterol is removed from peripheral tissues and returned to the liver for elimination ; Belongs to the BPI/LBP/Plunc superfamily. BPI/LBP family.",
"inputs": [
"CETP"
],
"preferred_name": "CETP",
"protein_id": "ENSP00000200676",
"string_id": "9606.ENSP00000200676"
},
{
"annotation": "NPC1-like intracellular cholesterol transporter 1; Plays a major role in cholesterol homeostasis. Is critical for the uptake of cholesterol across the plasma membrane of the intestinal enterocyte. Is the direct molecular target of ezetimibe, a drug that inhibits cholesterol absorption. Lack of activity leads to multiple lipid transport defects. The protein may have a function in the transport of multiple lipids and their homeostasis, and may play a critical role in regulating lipid metabolism. Acts as a negative regulator of NPC2 and down-regulates its expression and secretion by inhib [...] ",
"inputs": [
"NPC1L1"
],
"preferred_name": "NPC1L1",
"protein_id": "ENSP00000289547",
"string_id": "9606.ENSP00000289547"
},
{
"annotation": "3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase; Transmembrane glycoprotein that is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis as well as in the biosynthesis of nonsterol isoprenoids that are essential for normal cell function including ubiquinone and geranylgeranyl proteins.",
"inputs": [
"HMGCR"
],
"preferred_name": "HMGCR",
"protein_id": "ENSP00000287936",
"string_id": "9606.ENSP00000287936"
}
],
"source_url": "https://version-12-5.string-db.org/cgi/network?identifiers=9606.ENSP00000454071%0D9606.ENSP00000303208%0D9606.ENSP00000233242%0D9606.ENSP00000252486%0D9606.ENSP00000497642%0D9606.ENSP00000363868%0D9606.ENSP00000264005%0D9606.ENSP00000200676%0D9606.ENSP00000289547%0D9606.ENSP00000287936&species=9606&required_score=700&network_type=functional",
"species": {
"name": "Homo sapiens",
"taxon_id": 9606
},
"statistics": {
"average_node_degree": 7.2,
"edges": 36,
"expected_edges": 0,
"local_clustering_coefficient": 0.86,
"nodes": 10,
"ppi_enrichment_p_value": 4.73e-62
},
"string_version": "12.5",
"unmapped": []
}Data from STRING v12.5 (STRING Consortium), licensed CC BY 4.0. Cite STRING and its version when you reuse it. Enrichment terms come from third-party databases that keep their own licences, named on each term; categories whose licence does not allow commercial redistribution are left out. (https://string-db.org/cgi/access?footer_active_subpage=licensing)